Biology

Protein folding is one of biophysics’ most complex problems, and the classical approach describes this process as a minimization problem on a multidimensional free energy landscape. This study reformulates protein folding within the Fractal Mechanics (FM) framework, modeling the folding process as a spiral–hierarchical collapse of a fractal wave function. The proposed model defines a local spiral wave number (k-local) for each amino acid and a hierarchical resonance parameter (q) for each structural scale, suggesting that folding is driven not only by energy but also by resonance and fractal continuity. Comparative analysis with the classical funnel model shows that FM offers novel advantages, particularly in explaining rapid folding, misfolding, and aggregation phenomena.

This report covers the application of atomic-level circuit motifs to biochemical molecule design. Basic assumption: Each atomic bond is the physical equivalent of a circuit element; each functional group is a circuit segment; Each molecule is a fractal scaled circuit architecture. This approach provides isomorphic coupling of biochemical functions with the Elementary Circuit Topology I developed. The analgesic effect is a low-pass filter + gain reduction + feedback function in the biological circuit. Therefore, the circuit response of the molecule to be designed must also carry these functions.

This is a framework that closes the line from atomic-circuit analogy to biology at the DNA level: it establishes the double helix as a “double-stranded conduction line”, base pairs as “paired diode-capacitor cells”, the sugar-phosphate backbone as a “periodic RC ladder”, protein interactions as “control transistors”, and replication/transcription as “state machine switching networks”.

Cancer cells are abnormal cells that, unlike normal cells, divide uncontrollably, damage surrounding tissues, and can spread to other parts of the body (metastasis). They are formed as a result of genetic mutations and acquire characteristics such as evading the immune system, becoming immortal, and altering energy production.

According to my Atomic-Biological Circuit Atlas approach, we can describe the kidney and kidney cell using circuit language. The aim here is to map the kidney’s filtering and balancing functions to circuit elements.

The following system modularly describes the physical and mathematical components of the eye model for contrast-enhanced pattern stimulation under photopic PERG conditions: optical transfer, phototransduction chemistry, membrane currents, synaptic transmission, and ganglion firing.

Intracellular ion currents depend not only on voltage difference but also on metabolic energy status.

This report presents an interdisciplinary framework that extends from modeling atoms using electrical circuit elements to circuit-based simulation of biological systems. The aim is to express both chemical and biological processes using circuit parameters, employing the periodic table as a circuit library.

The continuity of life depends on the way solar radiation shapes the temperature balance on Earth. Solar radiation is the primary energy source driving ecosystems, driving biochemical transformations and changes in the structure of matter when certain temperature differences are maintained constant. Mathematical modeling of these processes can be approached from the perspectives of both thermodynamics and quantum field theory.